|
The ''Affiche Rouge'' ("Red Poster") is a famous propaganda poster, distributed by Vichy French and German authorities in the spring of 1944 in occupied Paris, to discredit 23 French Resistance fighters, members of the Manouchian Group. The term Affiche Rouge also refers more broadly to the circumstances surrounding the poster's creation and distribution, namely, the capture, trial and execution of these members of the Manouchian Group. == Background == In mid-November 1943, the French police arrested 23 members of the Communist Francs-Tireurs et Partisans de la Main d'Oeuvre Immigrée (FTP-MOI), who were part of the French Resistance.〔Stéphane Courtois, Denis Peschanski and Adam Rayski: ''Le Sang de l'étranger. Les Immigrés de la MOI dans la Résistance'', Fayard, Paris 1989〕 They were called the "Manouchian Group" after the commander, Missak Manouchian. The group was part of a network of about 100 fighters, who committed nearly all acts of armed resistance in the Paris metropolitan region between March and November 1943.〔Arsène Tchakarian: ''Les franc-tireurs de l'affiche rouge'', Messidor/Éditions sociales, 1986〕 Its membership included 22 men: eight Poles, five Italians, three Hungarians, two Armenians, a Spaniard, and three French; and one woman, who was Romanian. Eleven were also Jewish.〔(Laurent Lévy, "Mémoire du groupe des étrangers: À propos d’une chanson célèbre" ), ''Les mots sont important'', Septembre 2009, accessed 3 Sep 2010〕 After having been tortured and interrogated for three months, the 23 were tried by a German military court. In an effort to discredit the Resistance, the authorities invited French celebrities (from the world of the cinema and other arts) to attend the trial and encouraged the media to give it the widest coverage possible. All but one of the Manouchian Group's members were executed before a firing squad in Fort Mont-Valérien on February 21, 1944. Olga Bancic, who had served the group as a messenger, was taken to Stuttgart, where she was beheaded with an axe on May 10, 1944. In the spring of 1944, the Vichy authorities launched a propaganda campaign, designed to discredit the Manouchian Group and defuse public anger over their execution. They created a poster, which became known as ''Affiche Rouge'', due to its red background. It featured ten men of the group, with nationality, surnames, photos and descriptions of their crimes. The Germans distributed an estimated 15,000 copies of the poster.〔(1944: l'Affiche Rouge ), on the website of the ''Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration'' (with video excerpts) 〕 Along with these posters, the Germans handed out flyers that claimed the Resistance was headed by foreigners, Jews, unemployed people and criminals; the campaign characterized the Resistance as a "foreigners' conspiracy against French life and the sovereignty of France": "''Si des Français pillent, volent, sabotent et tuent... Although the poster attempted to depict the group as "terrorists", the campaign seems to have had the effect of highlighting the feats of people whom the general public saw as freedom fighters.〔(Film documentary ) on the website of the ''Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration'' 〕 Legend has it that supporters scribbled the words ''MORTS POUR LA FRANCE'' (They died for France - the phrase used on official monuments to soldiers of France who died in combat) and put flowers beneath some of the posters. In 1975, Philippe Ganier Raymond claimed that there was no historical record of such activity.〔Philippe Ganier Raymond, ''L'Affiche rouge: La vérité sur les partisans sacrifiés'', Fayard 1975〕 More recent research has confirmed that such additions occurred.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「affiche rouge」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|